The main objective of this study is to identify the relationship between social themes and the aesthetics of illustrated children’s literature and how this relationship has evolved in recent years, from 2019 to 2024. To this end, research was conducted using content analysis methodology, applying a qualitative approach through a categorical matrix of visual analysis, examining representation and narrative. The sample selection criteria comprised a variety of national and international competitions specializing in the sector—notably the Bologna Children’s Book Fair, the Compostela Prize, and The New York Times Best Illustrated Children’s Books. The results demonstrate a progressive transformation: from a naive and communicative aesthetic to a more poetic and symbolic language, without losing its pedagogical function. It is also worth highlighting how the themes have evolved from diversity and equality towards more introspective issues such as sustainability, identity, and grief. Finally, the results confirm how the aesthetics of illustration function as a pedagogical and emotional resource, consolidating the children’s book as an artistic medium capable of integrating art and education.